|
(Former) German Democratic Republic
|
|
|
(Former) Grand Duchy of Lithuania
|
|
|
(Former) Habsburg Empire
|
|
|
(Former) Ottoman Empire
|
|
|
(Former) Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth
|
|
|
(Former) Soviet Union
|
|
|
A-bar movement see: Movement
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Abbreviation
|
|
|
Abessive
|
|
|
Abjad
|
|
|
Abkhazia
|
|
|
Ablative
|
|
|
Ablaut
|
|
|
Absolute construction
|
|
|
Absolute vs. relative tense
|
Tense
|
|
Absolutive
|
|
|
Abstractive morphology
|
|
|
Abugida
|
|
|
Academic text
|
|
|
Accent
|
|
|
Accommodation
|
|
|
Accusative
|
|
|
Accusativus-cum-infinitivo see: Raising
|
|
|
Acoustic phonetics
|
|
|
Acquisition order see: Order of acquisition
|
|
|
Acquisition planning
|
|
|
Acronym see: Abbreviation
|
|
|
Actionality see: Aktionsart
|
|
|
Active voice
|
Voice
|
|
Actual sentence perspective see: Prague school
|
Structuralism
|
|
Adaptation
|
|
|
Adaptive control hypothesis
|
|
|
Address
|
|
|
Adjective
|
Part of speech
|
|
Adjunct
|
|
|
Admirative see: Mirativity
|
|
|
Adposition
|
|
|
Adstrate
|
|
|
Adverb
|
Part of speech
|
|
Adverbial
|
|
|
Affect see: Emotion
|
|
|
Affix
|
|
|
Affricate
|
Obstruent < Consonant
|
|
Afghanistan
|
|
|
Africa
|
|
|
Age
|
|
|
Agent
|
Semantic role
|
|
Agentive cognitive construction grammar
|
|
|
Agglutinating languages see: Agglutination
|
|
|
Agglutination
|
|
|
Agglutinative see: Agglutination
|
|
|
Agrammatism
|
|
|
Agreement
|
|
|
Agreement by correspondence
|
|
|
Agreement by projection
|
|
|
Aktionsart
|
|
|
Alaska
|
|
|
Albania
|
|
|
Alethic modality see: Modality
|
|
|
Algeria
|
|
|
Allative (directional) see: Directional
|
|
|
Allative (locative) see: Locative (case)
|
Case marking
|
|
Allocutive
|
|
|
Allomorph
|
|
|
Allophone
|
|
|
Alphabet
|
|
|
Alternative semantics
|
|
|
Alveolar
|
Consonant
|
|
Alzheimer’s
|
|
|
Ambiguity
|
|
|
A-movement see: Movement
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Analogy
|
|
|
Anaphora
|
|
|
Andorra
|
|
|
Angola
|
|
|
Animacy
|
|
|
Animal communication
|
|
|
Annotation see: Tagging
|
|
|
Anthropological linguistics see: Ethnolinguistics
|
|
|
Anthroponymy
|
|
|
Anticausative see: Unaccusative
|
Intransitive construction
|
|
Antipassive
|
Voice
|
|
Antonymy
|
|
|
Aorist
|
|
|
Aphasia
|
|
|
Apheresis see: Elision
|
Sound change
|
|
Apocope see: Elision
|
Sound change
|
|
Apodosis see: Conditional
|
|
|
Apophony see: Ablaut
|
|
|
Applicative
|
|
|
Applied language typology
|
|
|
Applied linguistics
|
|
|
Apposition
|
|
|
Appraisal theory
|
|
|
Approximant
|
|
|
Archaism
|
|
|
Areal linguistics see: Linguistic area
|
|
|
Argentina
|
|
|
Argot see: Sociolect
|
|
|
Argument alternation see: Syntactic alternation
|
|
|
Argument marking
|
|
|
Argument structure see: Valency
|
|
|
Argumentation
|
|
|
Armenia
|
|
|
Artificial grammar learning
|
|
|
Article see: Determiner
|
Function word
|
|
Articulation
|
|
|
Articulatory phonetics
|
|
|
Articulatory phonology
|
|
|
Aruba
|
|
|
Asia
|
|
|
Aspect
|
|
|
Aspiration
|
|
|
Assimilation
|
Sound change
|
|
Associative plural
|
|
|
At-issueness
|
|
|
Attrition
|
|
|
Attrition (language loss) see: Language loss
|
|
|
Auditory phonetics
|
|
|
Augment
|
|
|
Augmentative
|
|
|
Australia
|
|
|
Austria
|
|
|
Authorship attribution
|
|
|
Autism
|
|
|
Autolexical grammar
|
|
|
Automatic speech recognition
|
|
|
Autosegmental phonology
|
|
|
Auxiliary
|
Function word
|
|
Azerbaijan
|
|
|
Babbling
|
|
|
Baby talk see: Child-directed speech
|
Input
|
|
Bahia
|
|
|
Bahrain
|
|
|
Balearic Islands
|
|
|
Bangladesh
|
|
|
Barbados
|
|
|
Bare phrase structure
|
|
|
Basic linguistic theory
|
|
|
Basque Country
|
|
|
Belarus
|
|
|
Belgian Congo
|
|
|
Belgium
|
|
|
Belize
|
|
|
Beneficiary
|
Semantic role
|
|
Benin
|
|
|
Bhutan
|
|
|
Bibliography
|
|
|
Bilabial see: Labial
|
Consonant
|
|
Bilingual education see: Language(s) of instruction
|
|
|
Bilingualism/plurilingualism (simultaneous)
|
|
|
Binding
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Biographical data
|
|
|
Biolinguistics
|
|
|
Bleaching
|
|
|
Blending theory
|
|
|
Body part
|
Lexical field
|
|
Bolivia
|
|
|
Bootstrapping
|
|
|
Borneo
|
|
|
Borrowing
|
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
|
|
Botswana
|
|
|
Brain damage
|
|
|
Brazil
|
|
|
Broca see: Modularity
|
|
|
Brunei
|
|
|
Bulgaria
|
|
|
Burkina Faso
|
|
|
Burundi
|
|
|
C/edge linking
|
|
|
Calque see: Loan translation
|
|
|
Cambodia
|
|
|
Cameroon
|
|
|
Canada
|
|
|
Canonical typology
|
|
|
Cape Verde
|
|
|
Cape York Peninsula
|
|
|
Capitalization
|
|
|
Caribbean
|
|
|
Cartography
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Case (accusative) see: Accusative
|
|
|
Case (dative) see: Dative
|
|
|
Case (ergative) see: Ergativity
|
Case system
|
|
Case (genitive) see: Genitive
|
|
|
Case (nominative) see: Nominative
|
|
|
Case alternation
|
|
|
Case assignment see: Case government
|
|
|
Case government
|
|
|
Case in generative grammar
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Case marking
|
|
|
Case system
|
|
|
Casus generalis see: Case system
|
|
|
Casus obliquus (accusative) see: Accusative
|
|
|
Casus obliquus (case marking) see: Case marking
|
|
|
Casus obliquus (case system) see: Case system
|
|
|
Casus obliquus (dative) see: Dative
|
|
|
Casus obliquus (genitive) see: Genitive
|
|
|
Catalonia
|
|
|
Cataphora see: Anaphora
|
|
|
Categorial grammar
|
|
|
Causal
|
|
|
Causative
|
|
|
Central Africa
|
|
|
Central African Republic
|
|
|
Central America
|
|
|
Central Asia
|
|
|
Central Europe
|
|
|
Chain shift
|
|
|
Change of state verb
|
|
|
Character
|
|
|
Child-directed speech
|
Input
|
|
Chile
|
|
|
China
|
|
|
Choice see: Language choice
|
|
|
Circumfix
|
|
|
Circumposition
|
|
|
Classifier
|
|
|
Clause linkage
|
|
|
Cleft construction see: Clefting
|
|
|
Clefting
|
|
|
Click
|
Consonant
|
|
Clipping see: Truncation
|
|
|
Clitic
|
Function word
|
|
Coalescence
|
|
|
Coarticulation
|
|
|
Coda
|
Syllable
|
|
Code-mixing see: Code-switching
|
|
|
Code-switching
|
|
|
Codification
|
|
|
Cognate
|
|
|
Cognition
|
|
|
Cognitive construction grammar
|
|
|
Cognitive grammar see: Cognitive linguistics
|
|
|
Cognitive linguistics
|
|
|
Cognitive Metaphor Theory
|
|
|
Cohesion
|
|
|
Collective noun see: Mass/count noun
|
|
|
Collocation
|
|
|
Colloquial
|
|
|
Colombia
|
|
|
Color
|
Lexical field
|
|
Columbia School
|
|
|
Comitative
|
|
|
Commissive see: Speech act
|
|
|
Commitment space semantics
|
|
|
Common ground
|
|
|
Comoros
|
|
|
Comparative
|
|
|
Comparative linguistics
|
|
|
Complementation
|
Subordination < Complex sentence
|
|
Complementizer see: Conjunction
|
Function word
|
|
Complex dynamic systems theory
|
|
|
Complex sentence
|
|
|
Complexity theory
|
|
|
Composition see: Compound
|
|
|
Compound
|
|
|
Computational linguistics
|
|
|
Computer-mediated communication
|
Register
|
|
Conceptual blending theory see: Blending theory
|
|
|
Conceptual integration theory
|
|
|
Conceptual metaphor theory
|
|
|
Conceptual semantics
|
|
|
Concessive
|
|
|
Concord see: Agreement
|
|
|
Conditional
|
|
|
Conditional mood see: Mood
|
|
|
Conjoint/disjoint alternation
|
|
|
Conjugation
|
|
|
Conjunction
|
Function word
|
|
Connectionism
|
|
|
Connective see: Conjunction
|
Function word
|
|
Connectivity see: Clause linkage
|
|
|
Connotation
|
|
|
Conservativity
|
|
|
Consonant
|
|
|
Consonant cluster
|
Consonant
|
|
Consonant duration
|
Consonant
|
|
Consonant harmony
|
Assimilation < Sound change
|
|
Construction grammar
|
|
|
Construction morphology
|
|
|
Constructivist approach
|
|
|
Containment theory
|
|
|
Content question
|
Interrogative
|
|
Context
|
|
|
Context-free grammar
|
|
|
Contextual prosodic theory
|
|
|
Contiguity theory
|
|
|
Contrastive analysis
|
|
|
Control
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Converb
|
|
|
Convergence
|
|
|
Conversation analysis
|
|
|
Conversion
|
|
|
Coordination
|
Complex sentence
|
|
Cophonology theory
|
|
|
Copula
|
Function word
|
|
Coreference
|
|
|
Coronal
|
Consonant
|
|
Corpus
|
|
|
Corpus linguistics
|
|
|
Corpus planning
|
|
|
Correlative
|
|
|
Corsica
|
|
|
Costa Rica
|
|
|
Cotext see: Context
|
|
|
Count/mass noun see: Mass/count noun
|
|
|
Counterfactual
|
|
|
Coverb see: Serial verb
|
|
|
Creation of writing systems see: Codification
|
|
|
Creole genesis
|
|
|
Creolization see: Creole genesis
|
|
|
Crete
|
|
|
Critical discourse analysis
|
|
|
Critical genre analysis
|
|
|
Critical metaphor analysis
|
|
|
Critical period
|
|
|
Croatia
|
|
|
Cross-cultural interaction see: Intercultural communication
|
|
|
Cuba
|
|
|
Cultural linguistics
|
|
|
Cuneiform
|
|
|
CV phonology
|
|
|
CVCV phonology see: Strict CV phonology
|
|
|
Cyclic Agree
|
|
|
Cyclic linearization
|
|
|
Cyclic morphology
|
|
|
Cyprus
|
|
|
Cyrillic
|
Alphabet
|
|
Czech Republic
|
|
|
Dagestan
|
|
|
DAM see: Differential argument marking
|
|
|
Database
|
|
|
Dative
|
|
|
Dative alternation
|
|
|
Deadjectival
|
|
|
Death see: Language death
|
|
|
Declarative
|
Illocution
|
|
Declarative phonology
|
|
|
Declarative procedural model
|
|
|
Declension
|
|
|
Default semantics
|
|
|
Definiteness
|
|
|
Degrammaticalization see: Grammaticalization
|
|
|
Degree
|
|
|
Deixis
|
|
|
Deletion
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Deletion of sounds see: Elision
|
Sound change
|
|
Deliberate metaphor theory
|
|
|
Delineation semantics
|
|
|
Dementia
|
|
|
Democratic Republic of the Congo
|
|
|
Demography
|
|
|
Demonstrative
|
Function word
|
|
Denmark
|
|
|
Denominal
|
|
|
Dental
|
Consonant
|
|
Deontic modality
|
Modality
|
|
Dependency grammar
|
Structuralism
|
|
Dependency phonology
|
|
|
Dependent case theory
|
|
|
Dependent type semantics
|
|
|
Depictive secondary predication see: Secondary predication
|
Predication
|
|
Derivational morphology
|
|
|
Derivational optimality theory
|
|
|
Desiderative
|
|
|
Determiner
|
Function word
|
|
Determiner phrase
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Deverbal
|
|
|
Devoicing
|
Sound change
|
|
Diachronic construction grammar
|
|
|
Diachronic prototype semantics
|
|
|
Dialect change
|
|
|
Dialect contact
|
|
|
Dialect convergence see: Dialect change
|
|
|
Dialect levelling see: Dialect change
|
|
|
Dialect loss and maintenance
|
|
|
Dialectal lexicon
|
|
|
Dialectology
|
|
|
Dialogic syntax
|
|
|
Dictionary
|
|
|
Differential argument marking
|
|
|
Differential object marking
|
|
|
Diffusion
|
|
|
Diglossia
|
|
|
Diminutive
|
|
|
Diphthong
|
Vowel
|
|
Direct object
|
Object
|
|
Direct vs. inverse see: Inverse
|
|
|
Directional
|
|
|
Directive speech act see: Request
|
Speech act
|
|
Discourse analysis
|
|
|
Discourse genre see: Text type
|
|
|
Discourse grammar see: Text grammar
|
|
|
Discourse marker
|
|
|
Discourse representation theory
|
|
|
Dislocation
|
Word order
|
|
Disorders of language development
|
|
|
Dispersion theory
|
|
|
Dissertation
|
|
|
Dissimilation
|
Sound change
|
|
Distributed language theory
|
|
|
Distributed morphology
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Distributed syntax
|
|
|
Distributional semantics
|
|
|
Ditransitive
|
|
|
Divergence
|
|
|
Documentation see: Language documentation
|
|
|
Dorsal
|
Consonant
|
|
DOT see: Derivational optimality theory
|
|
|
Double object
|
Object
|
|
Double verb construction
|
|
|
Down syndrome
|
|
|
DP see: Determiner phrase
|
Generative grammar
|
|
DRT see: Discourse representation theory
|
|
|
Dual
|
Number
|
|
Dual linguistics
|
|
|
Dual route
|
|
|
Dummy see: Expletive
|
|
|
Durative see: Aktionsart
|
|
|
Dynamic pragmatics
|
|
|
Dynamic semantics
|
|
|
Dynamic syntax
|
|
|
Dynamic systems theory
|
|
|
Dysgrammatism see: Agrammatism
|
|
|
Dyslexia
|
|
|
Early bilingualism
|
|
|
East Africa
|
|
|
East Asia
|
|
|
East Timor
|
|
|
ECM see: Raising
|
|
|
Ecolinguistics
|
|
|
Economy (in generative syntax) see: Minimalism
|
Generative grammar
|
|
ECP see: Empty category
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Ecuador
|
|
|
Egophoricity
|
|
|
Egypt
|
|
|
Ejective
|
Obstruent < Consonant
|
|
Elative see: Degree
|
|
|
Element theory
|
|
|
Elicitation
|
|
|
Elision
|
Sound change
|
|
Ellipsis
|
|
|
Embodied construction grammar
|
|
|
Embodied simulation theory
|
|
|
Emergent grammar
|
|
|
Emoji
|
|
|
Emotion
|
|
|
Emphasis
|
|
|
Emphatic consonant see: Pharyngeal
|
Consonant
|
|
Empty category
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Empty category principle see: Empty category
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Empty head see: Head
|
|
|
Enantiosemy
|
|
|
Enclitic see: Clitic
|
Function word
|
|
Endangered language
|
|
|
Ending
|
|
|
Entrenchment-and-conventionalization model
|
|
|
Epenthesis
|
Sound change
|
|
Epistemic
|
|
|
Epistemic modality see: Epistemic
|
|
|
EPP see: Extended projection principle
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
|
|
Ergative see: Ergativity
|
Case system
|
|
Ergativity
|
Case system
|
|
ERP see: Event-related potential
|
|
|
Erratum
|
|
|
Estonia
|
|
|
Eswatini
|
|
|
Ethiopia
|
|
|
Ethnicity
|
|
|
Ethnolect
|
|
|
Ethnolinguistics
|
|
|
Ethnonym
|
|
|
Etymology
|
|
|
Euphemism
|
|
|
Eurasia
|
|
|
Europe
|
|
|
European structuralism see: Prague school
|
Structuralism
|
|
European Union
|
|
|
Evaluative
|
|
|
Event semantics
|
|
|
Event-related potential
|
|
|
Evidentiality
|
|
|
Evolution
|
|
|
Evolutionary phonology
|
|
|
Exaptation
|
|
|
Exceptional case marking see: Raising
|
|
|
Exclamative
|
Illocution
|
|
Exemplar theory
|
|
|
Exhaustivity
|
|
|
Existential
|
|
|
Exoskeletal model
|
|
|
Experiencer
|
Semantic role
|
|
Experimental phonetics/phonology
|
|
|
Experimental pragmatics
|
|
|
Experimental semantics
|
|
|
Experimental syntax
|
|
|
Expletive
|
|
|
Extended projection principle
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Eye movement
|
|
|
Factivity
|
|
|
Facultative modality see: Modality
|
|
|
Falkland Islands
|
|
|
FDG see: Functional discourse grammar
|
Functionalism
|
|
Feature checking
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Feature geometry
|
|
|
Feminine gender see: Gender
|
|
|
Feminist linguistics see: Gender issues
|
|
|
Fieldwork
|
|
|
Finiteness
|
|
|
Finland
|
|
|
First language acquisition by pre-school children
|
|
|
First language acquisition by school children
|
|
|
First language acquisition, child language
|
|
|
First phase syntax
|
|
|
Flap
|
|
|
Flora and fauna
|
Lexical field
|
|
Fluid construction grammar
|
|
|
fMRI see: Functional magnetic resonance imaging
|
|
|
Focus
|
Information structure
|
|
Folk etymology
|
|
|
Folk taxonomy
|
|
|
Food and drink
|
Lexical field
|
|
Foot
|
|
|
Force dynamics
|
|
|
Foreign accent
|
|
|
Foreign language learning see: Foreign language learning/teaching
|
|
|
Foreign language learning/teaching
|
|
|
Foreign language teaching see: Foreign language learning/teaching
|
|
|
Foreigner talk see: Accommodation
|
|
|
Forensic linguistics
|
|
|
Form of address see: Address
|
|
|
Formal models
|
|
|
Formal semantics
|
|
|
Fortis see: Plosive
|
Obstruent < Consonant
|
|
Fortition
|
|
|
Frame semantics
|
|
|
France
|
|
|
Free indirect speech
|
|
|
French Guiana
|
|
|
Frequency (phonetics)
|
|
|
Frequency of occurrence
|
|
|
Frequentative
|
|
|
Fricative
|
Obstruent < Consonant
|
|
Fricativization see: Spirantization
|
Sound change
|
|
Fronting see: Dislocation
|
Word order
|
|
Frustrative
|
|
|
Function word
|
|
|
Functional discourse grammar
|
Functionalism
|
|
Functional generative description
|
|
|
Functional grammar see: Functionalism
|
|
|
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
|
|
|
Functional sentence perspective see: Prague school
|
Structuralism
|
|
Functional style see: Register
|
|
|
Functionalism
|
|
|
Fusion (polysynthesis) see: Polysynthesis
|
|
|
Fusion (synthesis vs. analysis) see: Synthesis vs. analysis
|
|
|
Future
|
Tense
|
|
Future perfect see: Future
|
Tense
|
|
Fuzziness
|
|
|
Gabon
|
|
|
Galicia
|
|
|
Gapping
|
|
|
Garden path theory
|
|
|
GB see: Generative grammar
|
|
|
Geminate
|
Consonant
|
|
Gender
|
|
|
Gender issues
|
|
|
Gender variation
|
|
|
General
|
|
|
Generalization see: Simplification
|
|
|
Generalized Quantifier Theory
|
|
|
Generative grammar
|
|
|
Generative lexicon
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Generic reference
|
Reference
|
|
Genetic affiliation
|
|
|
Genitive
|
|
|
Genre see: Literary text
|
|
|
Georgia
|
|
|
Germany
|
|
|
Gerund
|
|
|
Gerundive
|
|
|
Gesture
|
|
|
Gibraltar
|
|
|
Ghana
|
|
|
Given-new see: Information structure
|
|
|
Glagolitic
|
Alphabet
|
|
Glide
|
Obstruent < Consonant
|
|
Globalization
|
|
|
Glossing
|
|
|
Glottal
|
Consonant
|
|
Glottochronology
|
|
|
Glue semantics
|
|
|
Government
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Government and binding see: Generative grammar
|
|
|
Government phonology
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Gradient symbolic representation
|
|
|
Grammar acquisition
|
|
|
Grammar, morphosyntax
|
|
|
Grammar matrix
|
|
|
Grammatical borrowing
|
|
|
Grammatical semantics
|
|
|
Grammaticalization
|
|
|
Grammaticography
|
|
|
Gran Canarian Spanish
|
|
|
Grapheme
|
|
|
Grapholinguistics
|
|
|
Greece
|
|
|
Greenland
|
|
|
Guam
|
|
|
Guatemala
|
|
|
Guided second language acquisition
|
|
|
Guinea
|
|
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
|
|
Habitual
|
Aspect
|
|
Haiti
|
|
|
Handbook
|
|
|
Hangul
|
Alphabet
|
|
Harmonic grammar
|
|
|
Harmonic serialism
|
Optimality theory
|
|
Harmonious discourse analysis
|
|
|
Hawaii
|
|
|
Head
|
|
|
Head-driven phrase structure grammar
|
|
|
Headless construction see: Head
|
|
|
Hearing impairment
|
|
|
Hedging see: Mitigation
|
|
|
Heritage language
|
|
|
Hiatus
|
Vowel
|
|
Hieroglyph
|
|
|
Hiragana see: Kana
|
Syllabary
|
|
Historical construction grammar
|
|
|
Historical lexicography
|
|
|
Historical lexicology
|
|
|
Historical linguistics and language change
|
|
|
Historical morphology
|
|
|
Historical phonology see: Sound change
|
|
|
Historical pragmatics
|
|
|
Historical present
|
|
|
Historical semantics see: Semantic change
|
|
|
Historical sociolinguistics
|
|
|
Historical syntax
|
|
|
History of linguistics
|
|
|
History of linguistics: Antiquity
|
|
|
History of linguistics: Arab tradition
|
|
|
History of linguistics: East Asian tradition
|
|
|
History of linguistics: Eighteenth century
|
|
|
History of linguistics: Indian tradition
|
|
|
History of linguistics: Middle Ages
|
|
|
History of linguistics: Nineteenth century
|
|
|
History of linguistics: Non-Western traditions
|
|
|
History of linguistics: Renaissance
|
|
|
History of linguistics: Seventeenth century
|
|
|
History of linguistics: Twentieth century
|
|
|
History of linguistics: Twenty-first century
|
|
|
History of linguistics: Western traditions
|
|
|
History of organizations
|
|
|
Holophrase see: Ellipsis
|
|
|
Homonymy
|
|
|
Homophone see: Homonymy
|
|
|
Honduras
|
|
|
Hong Kong
|
|
|
Honorific
|
|
|
Hortative
|
|
|
HPSG see: Head-driven phrase structure grammar
|
|
|
Humor
|
|
|
Hungary
|
|
|
Hypercorrection
|
|
|
Hyperonymy
|
|
|
Hypocorism
|
|
|
Hyponymy
|
|
|
Hypotaxis see: Subordination
|
Complex sentence
|
|
Iceland
|
|
|
Iconicity
|
|
|
Ideology see: Language ideology
|
|
|
Ideophone
|
|
|
Idiolect
|
|
|
Idiom
|
|
|
Illocution
|
|
|
Imperative
|
|
|
Imperfect
|
|
|
Imperfective
|
Aspect
|
|
Impersonal
|
|
|
Implicature
|
|
|
Implosive
|
Obstruent < Consonant
|
|
Inchoative see: Inchoative/ingressive
|
|
|
Incorporation
|
|
|
Indefiniteness
|
|
|
Indexicality
|
|
|
India
|
|
|
Indicative see: Mood
|
|
|
Indirect object
|
Object
|
|
Indirective see: Evidentiality
|
|
|
Indonesia
|
|
|
Inference
|
|
|
Infinitive
|
|
|
Infix
|
|
|
Inflectional
|
|
|
Inflectional morphology
|
|
|
Information structure
|
|
|
Ingressive see: Inchoative/ingressive
|
|
|
Inherent case see: Case in generative grammar
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Inherent case theory
|
|
|
Innateness
|
|
|
Innovation
|
|
|
Input
|
|
|
Inquisitive semantics
|
|
|
Instrumental (case)
|
Case marking
|
|
Instrumental (semantic role)
|
Semantic role
|
|
Integrational linguistics
|
|
|
Intelligibility
|
|
|
Intensification
|
|
|
Intensifier see: Intensification
|
|
|
Interaction
|
|
|
Interactional construction grammar
|
|
|
Interactional discourse analysis
|
|
|
Intercultural communication
|
|
|
Interdental see: Dental
|
Consonant
|
|
Interface
|
|
|
Interference see: Transfer
|
|
|
Interjection
|
|
|
Interlanguage
|
|
|
Interlinguistics
|
|
|
Internationalism see: Loanword
|
|
|
Interrogative
|
|
|
Intonation
|
|
|
Intransitive
|
|
|
Inverse
|
|
|
Inverse case see: Inverse
|
|
|
Inverse voice see: Inverse
|
|
|
Inversion
|
Word order
|
|
Iran
|
|
|
Iraq
|
|
|
Ireland
|
|
|
Irony
|
|
|
Irrealis see: Realis/irrealis
|
|
|
Island defect see: Movement
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Island effect see: Movement
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Isogloss
|
|
|
Isolating language
|
|
|
Isomorphism see: Transparency
|
|
|
Israel
|
|
|
Istria
|
|
|
Italy
|
|
|
Iterative
|
|
|
Ivory Coast
|
|
|
Jamaica
|
|
|
Japan
|
|
|
Jargon
|
|
|
Jespersen’s cycle
|
|
|
Jordan
|
|
|
Kalahari Basin
|
|
|
Kana
|
Syllabary
|
|
Kanji
|
Character
|
|
Katakana see: Kana
|
Syllabary
|
|
Kazakhstan
|
|
|
Kenya
|
|
|
Kinship term
|
Lexical field
|
|
Kosovo
|
|
|
Kurdistan
|
|
|
Kuwait
|
|
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
|
|
Labeling algorithm
|
|
|
Labial
|
Consonant
|
|
Labialization
|
|
|
Labiodental see: Labial
|
Consonant
|
|
Labiovelar
|
|
|
Language acquisition
|
|
|
Language attitudes and social identity
|
|
|
Language choice
|
|
|
Language comprehension
|
|
|
Language contact
|
|
|
Language dating
|
|
|
Language death
|
|
|
Language disorders
|
|
|
Language disorders other than developmental and aphasia
|
|
|
Language documentation
|
|
|
Language expectancy theory
|
|
|
Language faculty see: Linguistic competence
|
|
|
Language for special purposes
|
|
|
Language ideology
|
|
|
Language into act theory
|
|
|
Language island
|
|
|
Language legislation
|
|
|
Language loss
|
|
|
Language loss and maintenance
|
|
|
Language mixing see: Mixed language
|
|
|
Language policy and language planning
|
|
|
Language preservation
|
|
|
Language production
|
|
|
Language shift
|
|
|
Language variation
|
|
|
Language(s) of instruction
|
|
|
Laos
|
|
|
Laryngeal
|
Consonant
|
|
Lateral
|
Liquid < Sonorant < Consonant
|
|
Latin script
|
|
|
Latvia
|
|
|
Law see: Legal language
|
|
|
Learnability
|
|
|
Lebanon
|
|
|
Left periphery
|
Periphery
|
|
Legal language
|
|
|
Legislation see: Language legislation
|
|
|
Legitimation code theory
|
|
|
Lenis see: Plosive
|
Obstruent < Consonant
|
|
Lenition
|
Sound change
|
|
Lesotho
|
|
|
Lexical access
|
|
|
Lexical acquisition
|
|
|
Lexical aspect see: Aktionsart
|
|
|
Lexical blend
|
Neologism
|
|
Lexical constructional model
|
|
|
Lexical decomposition see: Semantic primitive
|
|
|
Lexical field
|
|
|
Lexical functional grammar
|
|
|
Lexical grammar
|
|
|
Lexical hybrid see: Adaptation
|
|
|
Lexical mapping theory
|
|
|
Lexical phonology
|
|
|
Lexical priming
|
|
|
Lexical resource semantics
|
|
|
Lexical semantics
|
|
|
Lexicalism
|
|
|
Lexicalization
|
|
|
Lexicography
|
|
|
Lexicology
|
|
|
Lexicon (lexicology and lexicography)
|
|
|
Lexicon-grammar
|
|
|
Lexicostatistics
|
|
|
LFG see: Lexical functional grammar
|
|
|
LGBTQ
|
|
|
Liberia
|
|
|
Libya
|
|
|
Light verb
|
|
|
Lingua franca
|
|
|
Linguistic area
|
|
|
Linguistic competence
|
|
|
Linguistic concept modelling
|
|
|
Linguistic determinism see: Linguistic relativity
|
|
|
Linguistic distance see: Intelligibility
|
|
|
Linguistic geography
|
|
|
Linguistic human rights
|
|
|
Linguistic ideology see: Language ideology
|
|
|
Linguistic landscape
|
|
|
Linguistic norm see: Standard language
|
|
|
Linguistic polyphony
|
|
|
Linguistic prejudice
|
|
|
Linguistic Realism
|
|
|
Linguistic relativity
|
|
|
Linguistic theory and methodology
|
|
|
Linguistic typology, universals of language
|
|
|
Liquid
|
Obstruent < Consonant
|
|
Literacy
|
|
|
Literary text
|
|
|
Lithuania
|
|
|
Loan translation
|
|
|
Loanword
|
|
|
Local grammar
|
|
|
Locative (case)
|
Case marking
|
|
Locative (semantic role)
|
Semantic role
|
|
Locative alternation
|
|
|
Locution
|
|
|
Logic
|
|
|
Logical form
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Logographic script see: Character
|
|
|
Logophoricity see: Coreference
|
|
|
Loss see: Language loss
|
|
|
Luxembourg
|
|
|
Macau
|
|
|
Machine processing see: Natural language processing
|
|
|
Machine translation
|
|
|
Macrosyntax
|
|
|
Madagascar
|
|
|
Maghreb
|
|
|
Main clause
|
|
|
Mainland Southeast Asia
|
|
|
Malawi
|
|
|
Malaysia
|
|
|
Maldives
|
|
|
Mali
|
|
|
Mallorca
|
|
|
Malta
|
|
|
Manner of articulation see: Articulation
|
|
|
Markedness
|
|
|
Marshall Islands
|
|
|
Masculine gender see: Gender
|
|
|
Mass/count noun
|
|
|
Match theory
|
|
|
Matched guise see: Linguistic prejudice
|
|
|
Mathematical and computational linguistics
|
|
|
Matrix language frame model
|
|
|
Matrix syntax
|
|
|
Mauritania
|
|
|
Mauritius
|
|
|
Maximum entropy
|
|
|
Meaning-text theory
|
|
|
Media
|
|
|
Media linguistic imageology
|
|
|
Mediative see: Evidentiality
|
|
|
Memory
|
|
|
Mental lexicon
|
|
|
Mental representation
|
|
|
Mental space theory
|
Cognitive linguistics
|
|
Mental-model theory
|
|
|
Menzerath-Altmann law
|
|
|
Merge in generative grammar see: Movement
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Meronymy
|
|
|
Mesoamerica
|
|
|
Mesopotamia
|
|
|
Metalinguistic awareness
|
|
|
Metalinguistic data
|
|
|
Metaphony
|
Assimilation < Sound change
|
|
Metaphor
|
|
|
Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit
|
|
|
Metathesis
|
Sound change
|
|
Meter
|
|
|
Metonymy
|
|
|
Metre see: Meter
|
|
|
Metrical grid theory
|
|
|
Metrics, versification
|
|
|
Mexico
|
|
|
Micronesia
|
|
|
Middle East
|
|
|
Middle voice
|
Voice
|
|
Migration
|
|
|
Mimetic see: Ideophone
|
|
|
Minimal pair see: Phonemic contrast
|
|
|
Minimalism
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Minimalist program see: Minimalism
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Minority language
|
|
|
MIPVU see: Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit
|
|
|
Mirativity
|
|
|
Missionary linguistics
|
|
|
Mitigation
|
|
|
Mixed language
|
|
|
Modality
|
|
|
Model-theoretic semantics
|
|
|
Modernization
|
|
|
Modification
|
|
|
Modifier see: Modification
|
|
|
Modularity
|
|
|
Moldova
|
|
|
Mongolia
|
|
|
Monitoring
|
|
|
Monolingual lexicography
|
|
|
Montague grammar
|
|
|
Montenegro
|
|
|
Mood
|
|
|
Mora
|
|
|
Morocco
|
|
|
Morpheme order
|
|
|
Morphology and word-formation
|
|
|
Morphophonology
|
|
|
Motherese see: Child-directed speech
|
Input
|
|
Mother-to-child see: Child-directed speech
|
Input
|
|
Motion
|
Verb class
|
|
Movement
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Mozambique
|
|
|
Multidimensional analysis
|
|
|
Multi-level discourse prominence analysis
|
|
|
Multilinear grammar
|
|
|
Multilingualism
|
|
|
Multilingualism, language contact
|
|
|
Multimodal analysis
|
|
|
Multimodal cognitive linguistics
|
|
|
Multiple exponence
|
|
|
Mutation see: Lenition
|
Sound change
|
|
Myanmar
|
|
|
Name studies other than anthroponymy and toponymy
|
|
|
Namibia
|
|
|
Nanosyntax
|
|
|
Narrative
|
Text type
|
|
Nasal
|
Vowel
|
|
Nasalization
|
Assimilation < Sound change
|
|
National identity
|
|
|
Nativeness
|
|
|
Natural grammar
|
|
|
Natural language generation
|
|
|
Natural language inference
|
|
|
Natural language processing
|
|
|
Natural morphology see: Transparency
|
|
|
Natural phonology
|
|
|
Natural semantic metalanguage see: Semantic primitive
|
|
|
Natural syntax
|
|
|
Natural theory of language
|
|
|
Necessity see: Modality
|
|
|
Negation
|
|
|
Negative polarity item see: Polarity
|
|
|
Neoconstructivism
|
|
|
Neologism
|
|
|
Nepal
|
|
|
Netherlands
|
|
|
Network morphology
|
|
|
Neural theory of language
|
|
|
Neurolinguistic programming
|
|
|
Neurolinguistics
|
|
|
Neurolinguistics and language disorders
|
|
|
Neuter gender see: Gender
|
|
|
Neutralization
|
|
|
New Caledonia
|
|
|
New Guinea
|
|
|
New speaker
|
|
|
New Zealand
|
|
|
Newfoundland
|
|
|
Nicaragua
|
|
|
Niger
|
|
|
Nigeria
|
|
|
NLG see: Natural language generation
|
|
|
NLP see: Natural language processing
|
|
|
Nominalization
|
|
|
Nominative
|
|
|
Non-finite clause
|
Complex sentence
|
|
Non-verbal communication
|
|
|
Normalization see: Status planning
|
|
|
North Africa
|
|
|
North America
|
|
|
North Korea
|
|
|
Northeast Asia
|
|
|
Northeast China
|
|
|
Northern Ireland
|
|
|
Northern Macedonia
|
|
|
Norway
|
|
|
Noun
|
Part of speech
|
|
Noun class
|
|
|
Noun phrase
|
|
|
NP see: Noun phrase
|
|
|
NPI see: Polarity
|
|
|
Nucleus
|
Syllable
|
|
Null argument
|
|
|
Null subject
|
Null argument
|
|
Number
|
|
|
Numeral
|
Function word
|
|
Obituary
|
|
|
Object
|
|
|
Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP)
|
|
|
Oblique case see: Case in generative grammar
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Obstruent
|
Consonant
|
|
Obviative vs. proximate see: Inverse
|
|
|
Oceania
|
|
|
Official language
|
|
|
Oman
|
|
|
Onomastics
|
|
|
Onomatopoeia see: Ideophone
|
|
|
Onset
|
Syllable
|
|
Opacity
|
|
|
Operational grammar
|
|
|
Optimal construction morphology
|
|
|
Optimality theory
|
|
|
Oral language see: Spoken language
|
Register
|
|
Order of acquisition
|
|
|
Origin of language
|
|
|
Orthographic reform
|
|
|
Orthography
|
|
|
OT see: Optimality theory
|
|
|
Pacific
|
|
|
Pakistan
|
|
|
Palatal
|
Consonant
|
|
Palatalization
|
Assimilation < Sound change
|
|
Palau
|
|
|
Palestine
|
|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
|
|
Paradigm
|
|
|
Paradigm function morphology
|
|
|
Paragoge see: Epenthesis
|
Sound change
|
|
Paraguay
|
|
|
Parallel grammar
|
|
|
Parameter see: Principles and parameters
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Parataxis see: Coordination
|
Complex sentence
|
|
Parenthetical
|
|
|
Parkinson’s
|
|
|
Paronymy
|
|
|
Parsing
|
|
|
Part of speech
|
|
|
Participle
|
|
|
Particle
|
Function word
|
|
Particle verb see: Phrasal verb
|
|
|
Partitive
|
|
|
Passive participle see: Participle
|
|
|
Passive voice
|
Voice
|
|
Past
|
Tense
|
|
Past participle see: Participle
|
|
|
Patient
|
Semantic role
|
|
Pattern grammar
|
|
|
Pause
|
|
|
Peak see: Nucleus
|
Syllable
|
|
Pejorative
|
|
|
Perception
|
|
|
Perfect
|
|
|
Perfective
|
Aspect
|
|
Performative
|
Speech act
|
|
Periphery
|
|
|
Periphrasis
|
|
|
Perlocution
|
|
|
Person
|
|
|
Person case constraint
|
|
|
Personal pronoun
|
Pronoun < Function word
|
|
Peru
|
|
|
Pharyngeal
|
Consonant
|
|
Phase theory
|
|
|
Phase verb
|
Verb class
|
|
Phatic
|
|
|
Phi-feature see: Agreement
|
|
|
Philippines
|
|
|
Philosophy of language
|
|
|
Phoneme inventory
|
|
|
Phonemic contrast
|
|
|
Phonetics
|
|
|
Phonetics and phonology
|
|
|
Phonological change see: Sound change
|
|
|
Phonology
|
|
|
Phonology as human behavior
|
|
|
Phonosemantic word see: Ideophone
|
|
|
Phonostylistics
|
|
|
Phonotactics
|
|
|
Phrasal verb
|
|
|
Phrase-linking grammar
|
|
|
Phraseological unit
|
|
|
Phraseology, paroemiology
|
|
|
Phylogenetics see: Genetic affiliation
|
|
|
Pictographic representation
|
|
|
Pied piping
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Pitch see: Accent
|
|
|
Place of articulation see: Articulation
|
|
|
Placeholder
|
|
|
Plosive
|
Obstruent < Consonant
|
|
Pluperfect
|
|
|
Pluractional
|
|
|
Plural
|
Number
|
|
Plurale tantum
|
|
|
Pluricentricity
|
|
|
Plurilingual lexicography
|
|
|
Poland
|
|
|
Polarity
|
|
|
Politeness
|
|
|
Polynesia
|
|
|
Polysemy
|
|
|
Polysynthesis
|
|
|
Polysynthetic language see: Polysynthesis
|
|
|
Portmanteau see: Lexical blend
|
Neologism
|
|
Portugal
|
|
|
Possession
|
|
|
Possessive pronoun
|
Pronoun < Function word
|
|
Possibility see: Modality
|
|
|
Postposition
|
Function word
|
|
Poststructuralism
|
|
|
Posture verb
|
|
|
Power
|
|
|
PP see: Prepositional phrase
|
|
|
Praesens historicum see: Historical present
|
|
|
Pragmaticalization
|
|
|
Pragmatics acquisition
|
|
|
Pragmatics, discourse analysis and text grammar
|
|
|
Prague school
|
Structuralism
|
|
Precedence-free phonology
|
|
|
Pre-conference publication
|
|
|
Predication
|
|
|
Predicative noun
|
Part of speech
|
|
Prefix
|
|
|
Preposition
|
Function word
|
|
Prepositional phrase
|
|
|
Prescriptivism
|
|
|
Present
|
Tense
|
|
Presentative
|
|
|
Preservation see: Language preservation
|
|
|
Prestige
|
|
|
Prestige planning see: Status planning
|
|
|
Presupposition
|
|
|
Preverb
|
|
|
Priming
|
|
|
Principal Component Analysis
|
|
|
Principles and parameters
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Pro see: Null subject
|
Null argument
|
|
Process-and-paradigm morphology
|
|
|
Processability theory
|
|
|
Processing
|
|
|
Proclitic see: Clitic
|
Function word
|
|
Pro-drop see: Null subject
|
Null argument
|
|
Productivity
|
|
|
Proficiency see: Linguistic competence
|
|
|
Progressive
|
Aspect
|
|
Promise see: Speech act
|
|
|
Pronoun
|
Function word
|
|
Pronoun of address see: Address
|
|
|
Proof-theoretic semantics
|
|
|
Proper name
|
|
|
Proper noun see: Proper name
|
|
|
Proportional quantification
|
|
|
Proposition
|
|
|
Protasis see: Conditional
|
|
|
Prothesis see: Epenthesis
|
Sound change
|
|
Proto-language
|
|
|
Prototype
|
|
|
Prototype theory
|
|
|
Proverb
|
|
|
Proximate vs. obviative see: Inverse
|
|
|
Pseudo-cleft see: Clefting
|
|
|
Psycholinguistics
|
|
|
Psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics
|
|
|
Puerto Rico
|
|
|
Punctuation
|
|
|
Purism
|
|
|
Purpose
|
|
|
Qatar
|
|
|
Quantification
|
|
|
Quantifier see: Quantification
|
|
|
Quotation
|
|
|
Race see: Ethnicity
|
|
|
Racism
|
|
|
Radical construction grammar
|
|
|
Radical CV phonology
|
|
|
Radical minimalism
|
|
|
Raising
|
|
|
Reading
|
|
|
Realis see: Realis/irrealis
|
|
|
Realis/irrealis
|
|
|
Reanalysis
|
|
|
Reason see: Causal
|
|
|
Recipient
|
Semantic role
|
|
Reciprocal
|
|
|
Recognition
|
|
|
Reconstruction
|
|
|
Reconstruction in generative grammar see: Logical form
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Recursion
|
|
|
Reduction
|
|
|
Redundancy
|
|
|
Reduplication
|
|
|
Reference
|
|
|
Reference grammar
|
|
|
Reference work
|
|
|
Referring see: Reference
|
|
|
Reflexive
|
|
|
Refusal see: Speech act
|
|
|
Refutation see: Speech act
|
|
|
Regional language
|
|
|
Regional variation
|
|
|
Register
|
|
|
Regularization see: Analogy
|
|
|
Reinforcement
|
|
|
Relational grammar
|
|
|
Relational morphology
|
|
|
Relational network theory
|
|
|
Relative binarity
|
|
|
Relative clause
|
Complex sentence
|
|
Relative pronoun
|
|
|
Relative tense see: Absolute vs. relative tense
|
Tense
|
|
Relevance theory
|
|
|
Relexification
|
|
|
Repair
|
|
|
Repetition
|
|
|
Reported speech
|
|
|
Reprise fragment
|
|
|
Republic of the Congo
|
|
|
Request
|
Speech act
|
|
Resonant see: Sonorant
|
Consonant
|
|
Resultative
|
Aspect
|
|
Resultative secondary predication see: Secondary predication
|
Predication
|
|
Resumptive
|
|
|
Retroflex
|
Consonant
|
|
Review
|
|
|
Revitalization
|
|
|
Rhetorical question
|
|
|
Rhetorical structure theory
|
|
|
Rhetorics
|
|
|
Rhotic
|
Liquid < Sonorant < Consonant
|
|
Rhyme
|
Syllable
|
|
Rhythm
|
|
|
Right periphery
|
Periphery
|
|
Role and reference grammar
|
|
|
Romania
|
|
|
Root
|
|
|
Root modality see: Modality
|
|
|
RRG see: Role and reference grammar
|
|
|
Rule-based phonology
|
|
|
Rule-generalization see: Simplification
|
|
|
Russia
|
|
|
Rwanda
|
|
|
Sandhi
|
|
|
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis see: Linguistic relativity
|
|
|
Satellite-framed vs. verb-framed
|
|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|
|
Scalarity
|
|
|
Scandinavia
|
|
|
Schwa
|
Vowel
|
|
Scope
|
|
|
Scotland
|
|
|
Scrambling
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Script, orthography
|
|
|
Second language (acquisition)
|
|
|
Secondary predicate see: Secondary predication
|
Predication
|
|
Secondary predication
|
Predication
|
|
Secret language see: Jargon
|
|
|
Selection restriction
|
|
|
Self-repair see: Repair
|
|
|
Semantic change
|
|
|
Semantic field see: Lexical field
|
|
|
Semantic function see: Semantic role
|
|
|
Semantic interaction theory
|
|
|
Semantic mapping
|
|
|
Semantic primitive
|
|
|
Semantic role
|
|
|
Semantics
|
|
|
Semantics and pragmatics
|
|
|
Semiotics
|
|
|
Semivowel see: Glide
|
Obstruent < Consonant
|
|
Senegal
|
|
|
Sense/sensory
|
Lexical field
|
|
Sentence-final particle
|
|
|
Sentence mood see: Illocution
|
|
|
Separable verb see: Phrasal verb
|
|
|
Sequence of tenses see: Absolute vs. relative tense
|
Tense
|
|
Serbia
|
|
|
Serial verb
|
|
|
Serialization see: Serial verb
|
|
|
Sexism see: Gender issues
|
|
|
Seychelles
|
|
|
SFG see: Systemic functional grammar
|
|
|
Shetland
|
|
|
Shift see: Language shift
|
|
|
Shortening see: Truncation
|
|
|
Siberia
|
|
|
Sibilant
|
Obstruent < Consonant
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
|
|
Sign-based construction grammar
|
|
|
Silence
|
|
|
Simpler syntax see: Parallel grammar
|
|
|
Simplification
|
|
|
Singapore
|
|
|
Singular
|
Number
|
|
Situation semantics
|
|
|
Slang see: Sociolect
|
|
|
SLI see: Specific language impairment
|
|
|
Slovakia
|
|
|
Slovenia
|
|
|
Sluicing
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Small clause
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Smell see: Sense/sensory
|
Lexical field
|
|
Social media see: Computer-mediated communication
|
Register
|
|
Social network
|
|
|
Sociolect
|
|
|
Sociolinguistics and dialectology
|
|
|
Sociolinguistics, language variation
|
|
|
Sociophonetics
|
|
|
Solomon Islands
|
|
|
Sonorant
|
Consonant
|
|
Sonority
|
|
|
Sound change
|
|
|
South Africa
|
|
|
South America
|
|
|
South Asia
|
|
|
South Korea
|
|
|
South Sudan
|
|
|
Southeast Asia
|
|
|
Southern Africa
|
|
|
Southwest Asia
|
|
|
Space
|
|
|
Spain
|
|
|
Spatial see: Space
|
|
|
Special issue
|
|
|
Specific language impairment
|
|
|
Specific reference
|
Reference
|
|
Specifier
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Spectral analysis
|
|
|
Speech acquisition
|
|
|
Speech act
|
|
|
Speech community
|
|
|
Speech error
|
|
|
Speech pathology
|
|
|
Speech rate
|
|
|
Speech technology
|
|
|
Spell-Out theory
|
|
|
Spirantization
|
Sound change
|
|
Split intransitivity see: Case system
|
|
|
Spoken language
|
Register
|
|
Sprachbund see: Linguistic area
|
|
|
Sri Lanka
|
|
|
Stammering see: Speech pathology
|
|
|
Stance
|
|
|
Standard language
|
|
|
Standardization
|
|
|
State verb
|
|
|
Statistical and quantitative linguistics
|
|
|
Statistics
|
|
|
Stative verb see: State verb
|
|
|
Stative voice
|
|
|
Status planning
|
|
|
Stem see: Root
|
|
|
Stigmatization see: Linguistic prejudice
|
|
|
Stop see: Plosive
|
Obstruent < Consonant
|
|
Stranding
|
|
|
Stratal phonology
|
|
|
Stress accent see: Accent
|
|
|
Strict CV phonology
|
|
|
Structural borrowing see: Grammatical borrowing
|
|
|
Structural case see: Case in generative grammar
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Structuralism
|
|
|
Stylistics
|
|
|
Stylometry see: Authorship attribution
|
|
|
Subject
|
|
|
Subjectification
|
|
|
Subjectivity
|
|
|
Subjunctive see: Mood
|
|
|
Subordination
|
Complex sentence
|
|
Sub-Saharan Africa
|
|
|
Substance free phonology
|
|
|
Substrate
|
|
|
Successive-cyclic movement
|
|
|
Sudan
|
|
|
Suffix
|
|
|
Superlative see: Degree
|
|
|
Superstrate
|
|
|
Supine
|
|
|
Suppletion
|
|
|
Suprasegmental phonology (prosody)
|
|
|
Suriname
|
|
|
Swadesh see: Lexicostatistics
|
|
|
Swaziland see: Eswatini
|
|
|
Sweden
|
|
|
Switch reference
|
|
|
Switzerland
|
|
|
Syllabary
|
|
|
Syllable
|
|
|
Syllable weight
|
|
|
Syncope see: Elision
|
Sound change
|
|
Syncretism
|
|
|
Synonymy
|
|
|
Syntactic alternation
|
|
|
Syntactic connection theory
|
|
|
Syntax
|
|
|
Syntax first alignment
|
|
|
Synthesis vs. analysis
|
|
|
Syria
|
|
|
Systemic functional grammar
|
|
|
Systemic functional linguistics see: Systemic functional grammar
|
|
|
Systemic linguistics
|
|
|
Taboo
|
|
|
Tagging
|
|
|
Tail-head-linkage see: Cohesion
|
|
|
Taiwan
|
|
|
Tajikistan
|
|
|
TAM
|
|
|
Tanzania
|
|
|
Tap see: Flap
|
|
|
Taste see: Sense/sensory
|
Lexical field
|
|
Taxis
|
|
|
Telicity
|
|
|
Temperature see: Sense/sensory
|
Lexical field
|
|
Temporal construction see: Time
|
|
|
Temporal focus hypothesis
|
|
|
Tense
|
|
|
Tenuis see: Plosive
|
Obstruent < Consonant
|
|
Terminativity see: Telicity
|
|
|
Terminology
|
|
|
Text grammar
|
|
|
Text type
|
|
|
Textbook
|
|
|
Thailand
|
|
|
The Gambia
|
|
|
Theme-rheme see: Information structure
|
|
|
Theory of matrices and etymons
|
|
|
Theory of mind
|
|
|
Theory of semantic blocks
|
|
|
Theta role see: Semantic role
|
|
|
Tibet
|
|
|
Time
|
|
|
Togo
|
|
|
Tone
|
|
|
Topic
|
Information structure
|
|
Topic marking
|
|
|
Topic-comment see: Information structure
|
|
|
Toponymy
|
|
|
Torres Strait
|
|
|
Touch see: Sense/sensory
|
Lexical field
|
|
Tough-movement see: Raising
|
|
|
Transcription
|
|
|
Transfer
|
|
|
Transformational-generative grammar see: Generative grammar
|
|
|
Transitive
|
|
|
Transitivity
|
|
|
Translanguaging
|
|
|
Translation
|
|
|
Transliteration
|
|
|
Transparency
|
|
|
Tree-adjoining grammar
|
|
|
Trill
|
|
|
Trinidad
|
|
|
Truncation
|
|
|
Truth
|
|
|
Tunisia
|
|
|
Turbidity theory
|
|
|
Turkey
|
|
|
Turkmenistan
|
|
|
Turn-taking see: Conversation analysis
|
|
|
Type logical grammar
|
|
|
Uganda
|
|
|
Ukraine
|
|
|
Umlaut see: Metaphony
|
Assimilation < Sound change
|
|
Unaccusative
|
Intransitive construction
|
|
Unergative
|
Intransitive construction
|
|
Unguided second language acquisition
|
|
|
Uniform information density
|
|
|
United Arab Emirates
|
|
|
United Kingdom
|
|
|
Univerbation
|
|
|
Universal
|
|
|
Universal dependencies
|
|
|
Universal grammar
|
Generative grammar
|
|
Universal perceptual model
|
|
|
Universal quantification
|
Quantification
|
|
Universal spine hypothesis
|
|
|
Update semantics
|
|
|
Uruguay
|
|
|
USA
|
|
|
Usage-based
|
|
|
Uvular
|
Consonant
|
|
Uzbekistan
|
|
|
Vagueness see: Fuzziness
|
|
|
Valence see: Valency
|
|
|
Valencia
|
|
|
Valency
|
|
|
Vanuatu
|
|
|
Variation see: Language variation
|
|
|
Vector semantics
|
|
|
Velar
|
Consonant
|
|
Venezuela
|
|
|
Verb
|
Part of speech
|
|
Verb class
|
|
|
Verb of motion
|
|
|
Verb of perception
|
|
|
Verb of saying/speaking
|
|
|
Verb of thinking
|
|
|
Verb phrase
|
|
|
Verb second see: Word order
|
|
|
Verba cogitandi see: Verb of thinking
|
|
|
Verba dicendi see: Verb of saying/speaking
|
|
|
Verba sentiendi see: Verb of perception
|
|
|
Verbal abuse
|
|
|
Verbal noun
|
|
|
Verbalization
|
|
|
Vietnam
|
|
|
Virgin Islands
|
|
|
Vitality
|
|
|
Vocalization
|
Sound change
|
|
Vocative
|
|
|
Voice
|
|
|
Voice onset time
|
|
|
Voice quality
|
|
|
Voiced
|
Consonant
|
|
Voiceless
|
Consonant
|
|
Voicing
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Sound change
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VOT see: Voice onset time
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Vowel
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Vowel harmony
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Metaphony < Assimilation < Sound change
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Vowel length see: Vowel quantity
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Vowel
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Vowel lowering
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Vowel quantity
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Vowel
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Vowel raising
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VP see: Verb phrase
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VP shell see: Verb phrase
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Wales
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Wallacea
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Warruwi
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Weak noun phrase see: Indefiniteness
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Weather
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West Africa
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Whole word morphology
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Wh-question see: Content question
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Interrogative
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Williams syndrome
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Word and paradigm morphology
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Word boundary
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Word class see: Part of speech
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Word grammar
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Word order
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Writing
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Writing development
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Written language
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Register
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X-bar see: Generative grammar
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Yemen
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Youth language
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Yugoslavia (former)
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Zambia
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Zero
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Zimbabwe
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